buy custom Multiculturalism and Crisis Intervention essay

purchase custom Multiculturalism and Crisis Intervention exposition This kind of guiding is a greater amount of cooperative advising approach. In spite of the fact that it is accepted that it is useful for an advocate to have foundation data about the gathering being advised, this isn't the situation as here and there it isn't vital in any way. The fact of the matter is that an issue which the patient has is identified with the way of life where one originates from may be general. At the point when the subject of multicultural ability comes in, the instructor is compelled to be one-sided. The usage of specialist information is seriously reliant on the state of the patients however not the way of life they originate from. Advisors ought to be profoundly qualified and ready to practice institutional intercession aptitudes for the benefit of the individuals henceforth applying guiding methodologies through helping members in distinguishing proof of whether the issue originates from predisposition or racial bias. Instructors associate with the individual s in the language favored by them and on the off chance that this is beyond the realm of imagination allude to an individual communicating in the language of the patient. For emergency to be comprehended, the gatherings included must meet and have systems on the best way to end the emergency. Taking care of a difficult that draws in a gathering of people isn't comprehending an individual emergency in light of the fact that the circumstance prompts outcome that influences other gathering individuals. This issue has prompted utilization of Eco foundational emergency illuminating model that incorporates the entire district or if nothing else a network. The gathering interceded ought to be impartial all together not to support any side. Generally, it incorporates the pioneer who ommunicates the advantages of scrupulous methodology of settling the issue to the influenced gathering. These conditions help to meet the manual for impact casualties on the significance of coming to an agreement; they should discussion of the positive effects towards the casualty concerned. The gathering mates should attempt to take the circumstance back to how it was before the emergency. Agreement between the gatherings is the motor, which supports force and choices to be distinguished and routed to the survivors of the emergency. The pioneer affecting agreement should realize how to deal with the issue concerning the influenced society that will advance conjunction between the ethnic gatherings. Putting together ones contentions with respect to multicultural view, multicultural guiding comparable to racial ethnicity is centered around mediocrity model or what might be named as obsessive system. This model perspectives the minorities or the blacks to be lower than the larger part or the whites on the transformative scale, along these lines end up being more pathology that is inborn. Multicultural viewpoint additionally expect the blacks, ethnic minority and other racial gathering to be lacking in alluring qualities. Subsequently, such distinction among minority and whites reflects hereditary and natural mediocrity. It follows that culture is accused as opposed to accusing quality that isn't normal to everyone. Aside from that, shortfall idea of social part is good for nothing because of that everyone in the general public acquires the way of life. The defender of multicultural view implies that ethnic and racial mminority doesn't have the correct culture. Subsequently, ethnic and racial highlights have demonstrated that minorities are naturally neurotic. Just individuals from a specific culture are tied up by convictions just as the advantages of the way of life. Socially developed gathering implies a few contrasts exist in different gatherings; such contrasts become significant for people groups worth in the public eye. Much of the time, various gatherings gain benefits when contrasted with others dependent on the recognizing of people on the ethnic or racial grounds. The differentiation concerning ethnic or racial distinction may happen for certain reasons. Be that as it may, the fundamental triggers are typically political, monetary and social forces figuring out who should join the gathering. The development of ethnic and racial chains of command to certain gatherings relies upon rivalry for better assets or the drive for advance benefit. These various leveled characterizations are using to create and set up predominance or authority of the gathering over others. The collaborations of a culture assume about inconsequential job in emergency goals. The exploration has indicated that emergency is one of a kind on the grounds that biological determinant of individual is one of a kind; in this manner, it assumes minor job in unraveling emergency issues. The thought of formative variables keeps up arrangement of the setting by the natural elements, which incorporate network assets and relational relationship. This snag makes it considerably progressively mind boggling, in this manner, prompting troubles in the goals. Purchase custom Multiculturalism and Crisis Intervention article

Monopolies Good or Bad free essay sample

An imposing business model is a solitary organization that possesses all or almost the entirety of the business sectors for a sort of item or administration. An imposing business model is at the far edge of the market structure. It is the place there is no opposition for products or administrations and an organization can openly charge a cost or forestall advertise rivalry. Syndications have three worked in suppositions, one vender, no substitutes or rivalry, and amazingly high hindrances to section. Instances of imposing business models are open utilities and US Postal Service. So what are the social qualities of imposing business models? They go about as the single provider. The association can deal with the market by turning into the sole supplier of a decent or administration. The absence of rivalry leaves an organization with more noteworthy authority over the nature of creation. It likewise enables the organization to siphon up costs without the dread of being challenge by different organizations. We will compose a custom article test on Imposing business models Good or Bad or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This powers the client to either purchase from the imposing business model or do without. A syndication approaches particular data. By doing this, the organization keeps up full oversight over the market. This data may give the organization the advantage of exceptional creation rehearses. The particular data may likewise come as lawful tips with respect to trademarks, copyrights and licenses. Assuming responsibility for this unique data gives the organization an edge while leaving the entirety of its rivals off guard. An imposing business model has an exceptional item. The association oversees the market by offering an item or administration that is not normal for some other. The item or administration doesn't have a replacement. The organization may utilize specific data, for example, legitimate licenses, copyrights and trademarks so as to set up lawful authority over the creation of specific merchandise and enterprises. So over all are restraining infrastructures useful for the economy? Since restraining infrastructures are the main supplier, they can set essentially any value they pick. They can doâ this, paying little mind to the interest, since they realize the buyer must choose between limited options. Not exclusively would monopolies be able to raise costs, they can likewise gracefully mediocre items. Restraining infrastructures are additionally awful for an economy in light of the fact that the maker has no motivation to enhance, and give as good as ever items. Another explanation imposing business models are awful is that they can make expansion. Since they can set any value they need, they will raise expenses to buyers.

How to Create a Thesis Statement for an Informative Essay

How to Create a Thesis Statement for an Informative Essay When you are required to write an informative essay, in this paper you have to present facts about the subject by providing good evidence to support the argument. This paper doesnt require including your own opinion or arguing, it is just a statement of information that you should put logically. Writing an essay is not a simple task, but it is still possible to do if you know the main principles. In this guide, we will provide you with a lot of tips and instructions on how to write a thesis statement for an informative essay successfully. Keep reading and we hope you will create a bright and interesting work with a strong thesis. What is an informative thesis statement? A thesis statement is a very important part of your essay that proclaims the main idea of the entire work. Here are the main characteristics of a good thesis: It is very precise and clear, so when the audience read it, they can understand easily what the writer wanted to say; A good informative essay thesis statement would never start from a phrase “In my work, Id like to”, or with any similar sentence; A thesis statement is connected tightly to the topic of the work. The main aim and mission of a thesis statement Your thesis establishes the main point of your paper and allows readers to receive a deeper meaning of what your essay is about. It should be clear and concise, and you need to put it at the end of your introduction paragraph. Plus, it should entice the reader to read the entire paper. Each paragraph of the work should support a thesis statement. A successful informative thesis statement will: State what the author is going to explain in their essay. Outline the way of this explanation to the readers. Here are some thesis statement examples for informative essay: Example 1: The lifestyles of wild foxes include hunting for rabbits and other animals, living in their own communities and raising their young. We can see this is an informative thesis statement because it just stays facts about the lifestyles of foxes, so it doesnt require making a claim to prove or a stand to make. Example 2: In a movie “The Game” (1997), the main character is involved in a weird and mysterious game that makes his life quite different for several days. This informative thesis gives the readers information about the movie plot without too much information, but also involves them into reading more. How to write an informative thesis statement: step-by-step guide We suggest trying this effective strategy when creating your thesis statement. Choose a topic for your future paper. For example, a book Robinson Crusoe. Focus your topic (make it more concrete). For example, life on a desert island after a shipwreck in Robinson Crusoe. Now, narrow your topic by making a question. Example: What kind of life does Robinson Crusoe have on a desert island? The answer to this question is your thesis statement. Example: After a shipwreck, Robinson Crusoe appeared on the desert island and started to live there alone, trying to make his life more comfortable with many inventions. Errors to avoid when writing a thesis statement for an informative essay Your thesis cant be just a fragment; it should be a complete sentence to reflect a certain and complete thought. Unacceptable: How children learn to read. Acceptable: The best practice to teach kids to read is to make them interested in the process and keep them focused on it. You cannot put your thesis as a question (only the answer to the question can be a thesis sometimes). Unacceptable: Do rare birds need to be protected to save their population? Acceptable: Rare birds’ populations need to be protected, so people should think about this question to save the world of nature for future generations. Dont make your thesis too broad and uncertain. Unacceptable: Writers create their books using a special language. Acceptable: Many famous writers use a lot of elements like hyperbole, metaphor, etc. to make their books more interesting and exciting. When you are making a thesis statement, make sure it doesnt contain any unrelated element. Unacceptable: Many writers create books about the relationship, so they are good psychologists, too. Acceptable: In their attempt to understand the human nature, many writers try to reveal the complexity of the relationship between people. Never include phrases “I suppose”, “I think”, or “My opinion is” because it makes your argument weaker. Unacceptable: I think that Marilyn Monroe is a great movie star. Acceptable: Marilyn Monroe is a popular American actress, model, and singer that became a famous sex symbol of Hollywood. More tips how to make a thesis statement for an informative essay Here are more hints that may be very helpful in creating a thesis of your future paper. Focus on the subject. You have to put a lot of attention on the title of your work. Make sure you made a strong connection between the title and thesis. If the connection is weak, you wont be able to write a successful essay and get a high grade. Support the first paragraph. Your thesis should be put at the end of the introduction paragraph, so it should reflect and support it. In other words, your thesis should be connected to the introduction. Read successful informative thesis statement examples. This may help to those people that feel stuck with making their thesis. Set your goals. Remember that your readers should see the goals of your essay clearly. This is a very important moment, and your thesis statement can help you to lead your readers to this information. Hope we shared enough information about how to write a thesis statement for informative essay, and you will create a bright work with a good thesis. Follow our tips, and we assure that you will impress your readers with an interesting and professional work!

test bank Essay - 1790 Words

Chapter 2—Social Responsibility MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Stakeholders power over businesses stems from their a. ability to withdraw or withhold resources. b. ability to generate profits. c. media impact. d. political influence. e. stock ownership. ANS: A PTS: 1 2. Those who have a claim in some aspect of a firms products, operations, markets, industry, and outcomes are known as a. shareholders. b. stockholders. c. stakeholders. d. claimholders. e. special-interest groups. ANS: C PTS: 1 3. Which of the following do not typically engage in transactions with a company and thus are not essential for its survival? a. Employees b. Secondary stakeholders c. Primary stakeholders d. Investors e.†¦show more content†¦ANS: A PTS: 1 15. Public health and safety and support of local organizations are issues most relevant to which stakeholder group? a. Investors b. Community c. Suppliers d. Customers e. Employees ANS: B PTS: 1 16. Minimizing the use of energy and reducing emissions and waste are issues of importance to which stakeholder? a. Environmental groups b. Suppliers c. Employees d. Industry leaders e. Investors ANS: A PTS: 1 17. The idea that the mission of business is to produce goods and services at a profit, thus maximizing its contribution to society is associated with a. Adam Smith. b. Theodore Levitt. c. Norman Bowie. d. Herman Miller e. Milton Friedman. ANS: E PTS: 1 18. The originator of the idea of the invisible hand, which is a fundamental concept in free market capitalism, was a. Adam Smith. b. Theodore Levitt. c. Norman Bowie. d. Herman Miller e. Milton Friedman. ANS: A PTS: 1 19. Some economists believe that if companies address economic and legal issues, they are satisfying the demands of society, and that trying to anticipate and meet additional needs would be almost impossible. Which economist’s theory are they following most closely with this belief? a. Adam Smith. b. Theodore Levitt. c. Norman Bowie. d. Herman Miller e. Milton Friedman. ANS: E PTS: 1 20. _____ argued that, although profits are required for business, profit is not the primaryShow MoreRelatedSmall Bank Community Development Test2121 Words   |  9 PagesAn intermediate small bank is also examined based on the small bank community development test. The community development test does not apply to a small bank that is not an intermediate small bank. The community development test is a four prong test including the following: †¢ The number and amount of community development loans; †¢ The number and amount of qualified investments; †¢ The extent to which the bank provides community development services; and †¢ The bank’s responsiveness through such activitiesRead MoreFinancial Markets and Institutions 5th Edition Test Bank by Saunders1057 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Markets and Institutions 5th edition Test Bank by Saunders Follow Link Below To Get Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/financial-markets-and-institutions/ Financial Markets and Institutions 5th edition Test Bank by Saunders Follow Link Below To Get Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/financial-markets-and-institutions/ Financial Markets and Institutions 5th edition Test Bank by Saunders Follow Link Below To Get Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/financial-markets-and-institutions/ Read MoreTest Bank2552 Words   |  11 Pagestransfer EXCEPT A) entering into a hold-harmless agreement. B) avoiding dangerous activities. C) hedging risk using futures contracts. D) incorporating a business. Answer: B Question Status: Previous Edition 37) Curt borrowed money from a bank to purchase a fishing boat. He purchased property insurance on the boat. Curt had difficulty making loan payments because he did not catch many fish, and fish prices were low. Curt intentionally sunk the boat, collected from his insurer, and paid offRead Moretest bank16982 Words   |  68 Pagess judgment of a product s performance in relation to his or her expectations. A) satisfaction B) value C) comparison shopping D) loyalty E) expectations 67) ______ 68) If a marketer decides to use warehouses, transportation companies, banks, and insurance companies to facilitate transactions with potential buyers, the marketer is using what is called a ________. A) distribution channel B) brand channel C) relationship channel D) service channel E) intermediary channel 68) ______ Read MoreTest Bank5355 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage, 3e (Pinto) Chapter 1 Introduction: Why Project Management? 1.1 True/False Questions 1) Projects, rather than repetitive tasks, are now the basis for most value-added in business. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Section: 1.0 Introduction Skill: Factual AACSB Tag: Reflective 2) Projects are typically ongoing, day-to-day activities that have goods and services as outputs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Section: 1.1 What Is a Project? Skill:Read MoreTest Bank3324 Words   |  14 PagesCHAPTER 1 Introduction Practice Questions Problem 1.8. Suppose you own 5,000 shares that are worth $25 each. How can put options be used to provide you with insurance against a decline in the value of your holding over the next four months? You should buy 50 put option contracts (each on 100 shares) with a strike price of $25 and an expiration date in four months. If at the end of four months the stock price proves to be less than $25, you can exercise the options and sell the sharesRead Moretest bank Essay5473 Words   |  22 Pagesstrategic management Capsule 1.5 SWOT SC01.03 In a large US steel firm, the corporate planning process in 1965 could be described as: a- Integration of division strategic plans, iteration between divisions and the headquarters, and contact of banks to explore the best deal for providing capital b- Forecast of demand, determination of targets for each district, determination of need for additional production capacities, decision from top executives, and investment c- Marketing analysis, estimationRead MoreAccounting Test Bank4528 Words   |  19 PagesQuestion 36 Taxable income of a corporation Correct Answer: differs from accounting income due to differences in interperiod allocation and permanent differences between the two methods of income determination. 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On the otherRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesprovide a service C) enter new a new market D) develop brand loyalty E) position its product Answer: E Page Ref: 10 Objective: 3 AACSB: Analytic skills Difficulty: Moderate 34) If a marketer uses warehouses, transportation companies, banks, and insurance companies to facilitate transactions with potential buyers, the marketer is using a ________. A) service channel B) distribution channel C) communication channel D) relationship channel E) standardized channel Answer: A Page

The Election Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy And Richard...

Democrats versus Republicans face off once again in the year of 1960. The election of 1960 was a nasty election that broke the bond between two friends. John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Richard Milhous Nixon were the main two candidates in the election. With both candidates having political experience, anyone of them could become the 35th President of the United States. Before the 1960 election, Nixon had been elected to serve in the House of Representatives and the Senate at the age of 43. He was also Vice President under the Eisenhower administration and was the second youngest in history. Kennedy was also a Senator at the age of 35. He was also known as handsome, debonair, witty and a decorated war hero. Surprisingly, Kennedy and Nixon were hall mates. Years before the election, Kennedy and Nixon were considered as acquaintances. Nixon and many others believed that Kennedy would not get the nomination because he had Addison’s disease and was Catholic. John Connally had called a press conference to let reporters know that he had Addison’s disease and he would eventually die from it. Due to being Catholic, Kennedy had many hardships getting the nomination and becoming the President. Without the support of Nixon and others, Kennedy had won the Wisconsin Primary but was denied the victory because of his religion. The lost however did not stop Kennedy. He moved on till the next state and got the Democratic nomination in the election. Nixon had many supporters along with someShow MoreRelatedThe Presidential Election of 1960 Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesThe Presidential Election of 1960 The presidential election that took place in 1960 was an interesting one. Newcomer, John F. Kennedy verses the Vice President, Richard M. Nixon. It was experimental with its trail of televised debates. It also marked the second in which a catholic had run for president and more importantly the first in which a catholic attained victory. John F. Kennedy, of Irish decent, was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29,1917. He entered the Navy, after graduationRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1904 Words   |  8 PagesTruman distrusted Ho Chi Minh due to Ho Chi Minh’s Communist ideology, although they were not great in personal terms with the French government either. Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson started and expanded the military involvement of the United States in Vietnam respectively. President Richard Milhous Nixon decided to end the United States’ involvement and withdrew troops essentially leaving United States’ ally in the conflict; South Vietnam in the cold. President GeraldRead MoreThe Most Controversial American Presidents9333 Words   |  38 Pages4 I.2 Presidency 5 I.3 Retirement and death 6 Chapter II. Abraham Lincoln 7 II.1 Early life and education 7 II.2 Presidency and the Civil War 8 II.3 Assassination 13 Chapter III. J. F. Kennedy 15 III.1 Early life and education 15 III.2 Presidency 17 III.3 Assassination 19 Chapter IV. Richard Nixon 21 IV.1 Early life and education 21 IV.2 Presidency 22 IV.3 Death and funeral 23 Chapter V. Theodore Roosevelt 24 V.1 Early life and education 24 V.2 Presidency 1901–1909 25 V.3 Later years

Nz Fitness Industry Free Essays

Within New Zealand a growing number of people are using the fitness industry as a convenient means of improving and maintaining their well-being. In recent times a market boom has taken place with more and more gyms being built throughout the country, and with them new business opportunities arising. One of the most renown gyms in New Zealand, Les Mills is an example of one of these modern business franchises. We will write a custom essay sample on Nz Fitness Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the 43 years since Phillip Mills family started running their first Les Mills gym in New Zealand, the gym has since gone international with over 14,000 gyms now spread throughout 75 countries worldwide and an estimated net worth of (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) (citation). It is estimated that in New Zealand alone the gym industry generated over (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) in 2008 (citation). Along with the increase in gyms being established a large proportion of the fitness industry is now focusing on nutrition as an additional market for generating profit. This report serves to analyse and interpret both individual markets along with relevant figures, and will outline the potential future business prospects for investment or creating a new franchise in both markets. New Zealand has a large fitness industry as exercise has become a very important part of everyday life. Today’s gym goers are opting for low frills operators trading away high end services in favour of convenience, price and flexible contracts. With more than 10% of New Zealand’s population now seeing an exercise professional regularly, there is a total of 400,000 people on average seeing 1500 exercise professionals on a regular basis. (cited) Some of the top gyms in New Zealand are Les Mills, Next generation and Jetts. Les Mills has a competitive advantage of having fun while exercise via the fitness classes that are suitable for all ages and sizes, such as Body Combat. Les Mills is a large firm that has privately owned companies headquarters in Auckland only which are valued at $130 million. Les Mills believes that by 2020 they will open a further of 10 gyms in Auckland (cited Mills). The health and fitness market has been described as blandly premium as there is little deffirentiation between service offerings, indicating that there is opportunity for competitive advantage to be achieved through quality. In order to open a new franchise sufficient funds must be available. Competition exist with a newly opened Les Mills Britomart, which was set up with a total cost of $10 million dollars. Margins are very slim for smaller gyms, so would need to be a large player to be successful. How to cite Nz Fitness Industry, Papers Nz Fitness Industry Free Essays Within New Zealand a growing number of people are using the fitness industry as a convenient means of improving and maintaining their well-being. In recent times a market boom has taken place with more and more gyms being built throughout the country, and with them new business opportunities arising. One of the most renown gyms in New Zealand, Les Mills is an example of one of these modern business franchises. We will write a custom essay sample on Nz Fitness Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the 43 years since Phillip Mills family started running their first Les Mills gym in New Zealand, the gym has since gone international with over 14,000 gyms now spread throughout 75 countries worldwide and an estimated net worth of (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) (citation). It is estimated that in New Zealand alone the gym industry generated over (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) in 2008 (citation). Along with the increase in gyms being established a large proportion of the fitness industry is now focusing on nutrition as an additional market for generating profit. This report serves to analyse and interpret both individual markets along with relevant figures, and will outline the potential future business prospects for investment or creating a new franchise in both markets. New Zealand has a large fitness industry as exercise has become a very important part of everyday life. Today’s gym goers are opting for low frills operators trading away high end services in favour of convenience, price and flexible contracts. With more than 10% of New Zealand’s population now seeing an exercise professional regularly, there is a total of 400,000 people on average seeing 1500 exercise professionals on a regular basis. (cited) Some of the top gyms in New Zealand are Les Mills, Next generation and Jetts. Les Mills has a competitive advantage of having fun while exercise via the fitness classes that are suitable for all ages and sizes, such as Body Combat. Les Mills is a large firm that has privately owned companies headquarters in Auckland only which are valued at $130 million. Les Mills believes that by 2020 they will open a further of 10 gyms in Auckland (cited Mills). The health and fitness market has been described as blandly premium as there is little deffirentiation between service offerings, indicating that there is opportunity for competitive advantage to be achieved through quality. In order to open a new franchise sufficient funds must be available. Competition exist with a newly opened Les Mills Britomart, which was set up with a total cost of $10 million dollars. Margins are very slim for smaller gyms, so would need to be a large player to be successful. How to cite Nz Fitness Industry, Essay examples

The Nuremberg Trials Essays - , Term Papers

The Nuremberg Trials The Trial at Nuremberg During World War II the Allies were determined that both Hitler and the men around him should be punished for starting World War II and the crimes they had committed while they were waging it. These crimes included the extermination of the Jewish people of Europe known as the Holocaust or the Shoah. After some debate it was decided that the fairest way to proceed was the public trial of the men and organizations who committed the crimes. At the most famous of these, the Nuremberg Trial, , and that had been organized to carry out the Nazi programs, were placed on trial for their crimes. Martin Bormann was tried in absentia. Additionally Robert Ley was charged as a defendant but committed suicide before the trial, and Gustav Krupp, who was named in the indictments, was found to be medically unfit to stand trial. Many of the leading Nazis, such as Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels, were not present at the Nuremberg Trial because they has committed suicide at the end of the war. The first step was to agree upon the rules for the trial. They adopted a of the four Allies (the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union). The defendants were given the right to be represented by counsel, call witnesses, and present evidence in their own behalf. They were not given the right to a jury trial which was part of the law only in Great Britain and the United States. Finally, after all the evidence was presented, the defendants were permitted to make statements to the court without being sworn or cross-examined. The next step was the , a statement of the charges against each defendant. The Allies charged the defendants with four types of crimes: conspiracy against peace, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The Allies stated that the Nazis, when they started the war, had deliberately broken the treaties that Germany had signed. The Holocaust was included as part of the crimes against humanity. Not all of the defendants were charged under all counts of the indictment. Doenitz, Raeder, and Schacht were not accused of participating in the Holocaust. The trial was held before a panel of judges selected by the Allies called the and presided over by a British judge named Lord Lawrence. The Allies presented their evidence which consisted almost entirely of the words and documents of the Nazis themselves. During the investigation that led up to the trial, the U.S. and British investigators had discovered literally tons of documents which proved the charges against the defendants. The decision was made, therefore, to rely on the words of the defendants themselves in the trial. Certain witnesses were presented to flesh out the evidence. This is especially true in the case against the concentration camps where witnesses ranging from a member of the French parliament -- who had been imprisoned as a slave laborer at Auschwitz -- to an American army officer who had been imprisoned at Buchenwald testified. Several Nazi officers also testified about how the Holocaust occurred. Although the French and the Soviets were originally supposed to present the case on the crimes against humanity, the Americans and British had presented a lot of evidence about the Holocaust when they presented evidence. In fact, by the time the Soviets started to present their case one of the judges, Lord Birkett of Great Britain, was restless because he thought the testimony was unnecessary -- the case had been proven over and over again. The final phase of the trial was the defendants' cases. The defendants actually took more time in the court than the prosecutors. Although the defenses varied most either stated that they not involved in the Holocaust or did not know it was happening. All of the defendants testified at length and presented witnesses. One of the most important witnesses about the Holocaust, Rudolf H (or Hoess), the commandant of Auschwitz, was actually called as a witness for the defense. The judges had a hard time deliberating about whether the defendants were guilty and what punishments should be meted out to those who were guilty. The French judge, DeVabres, was not convinced that any of the defendants should be found guilty on the charge of conspiracy because that concept was not found in French or German law. In the final , three defendants, Von Papen, Schacht, and Fritzche, were acquitted entirely. Eleven others were acquitted of some

Song of Solomon Reading Response Essays

Song of Solomon Reading Response Essays Song of Solomon Reading Response Paper Song of Solomon Reading Response Paper Essay Topic: Song of Solomon I am still deciding whether I liked It or not. It was hard for me to follow because It kept Jumping back In forth In time. The first three chapters I hap kept re-reading to focus and grasp what was going on. I was extremely confused and it went from the opening scene in 1931 to Milkman being four years old in one paragraph. I do feel this is a book you need to read over and over again to fully gain an understanding of the messages and humbly the author was displaying through each character. I thought the book was interesting that although It dealt with racial Issues and focused on how characters such as Guitar and Milkman had different views of status and discrimination, their was very little mention of white characters In the book. The majority If not all the characters were black decent and it was purely one sided view on how the black race dealt with racial issues in a small town at that time. I think Pilate was a crazy character and didnt like how long it dragged out to find the true nature of why her relationship was the way it was with her brother Macon Dead Jar. I feel like the author was changing the subject and Jumping around so much that you never fully get to know any one character. I didnt Like how the author killed Milkman In the end, It was as if you finally made some self discovery and then he jumps to his death. The book just builds and layers and builds, and when you finally feel like you might understand where its leading three of the main characters die within the last pages. Aside from racial views and Milkmans self discovery from his life as his fathers son, to discovering his family history and where he wants to be in the future, I didnt really connect with any other character In the book, or understand their significance In his discovering himself.

Word Choice Espresso vs. Expresso

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Pppp - Coursework Example Steven Chu, for instance, points to the breaking up of the great ice packs, which will ultimately result in a notable rise in sea level. Unless climate change is halted, this rise will submerge some parts of the earth completely and ultimately cause the death of living things in the coral. The negative impact of greenhouse gases is attributed to global trends in the demand for and supply of energy (S. Chu; Chu and Majumdar). According to Chu (6), â€Å"†¦between 1971 and 2000, the total use of energy doubled and is expected to triple by 2020†, while oil and gas reserves are diminishing by the day. In order to resolve this crisis, many options have been proposed that call for concerted research on the use of bio-based fuels (such the use of grain to generate ethanol), and nuclear fission as well as research on how best to harness inexhaustible energy reserves such as solar and the wind, as well as photosynthesis (Chu and Majumdar; S. Chu). In its 2004 report titled Ending the Energy Stalemate, the National Commission on Energy Policy has made many recommendations with a view to averting the crisis. I outline below some of the recommendations with which I strongly agree. I strongly agree with the recommendation to develop energy technologies for the future (The National Commission on Energy Policy). As we edge closer to the depletion of natural oil resources, it is imperative that we explore new technologies to complement or replace the exploitation of natural oil deposits. As such, I agree that there is need for the government and private sector to increase funding for energy research, and to also provide incentives that will spur production of alternative fuels for the transport sector. I also agree strongly with the recommendation to strengthen critical energy systems. This is because crucial energy systems, including the electricity grid, provide a environmentally friendly energy options, especially if these are generated using inexhaustible

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An Introduction To Political Cleavage Concepts Politics Essay

An Introduction To Political Cleavage Concepts Politics Essay The concept of a political cleavage is contested in important ways (Daalder 1966, Eckstein 1966, Dogan 1967, Zuckerman 1982, Bartolini Mair 1990, Neto Cox 1997), and whether cleavages exist in post-communist Eastern Europe might depend substantially on how the term is defined. Some authors who find that cleavages are weak or absent in the region use a rigorous definition of the term (Lawson 1999). It is argued here, however, that even when the definitional barrier is raised to a high level, political cleavages are in all likelihood present in the region(Whitefield 2002). Many studies have found a link between pre-communist historical legacies and institutional choice. For example Kitschelt argues that pre-communist experiences had an influence on the communist regime which ultimately has an impact on party cleavages. Indeed, he argues that pre-communist experiences can be distinguished rather easily, but the length of the political liberalisation phase in the 1980s and the significance of having had two or three rounds of free elections since 1990 may be disputable. While I do not believe that isolating these pre communist legacies is necessarily, I do believe that pre-communist legacies must be included in any analysis of post-communist social cleavages. I suggest that history is very important for the cases of Romania and Hungary. Furthermore, if we go back to Dalton, he insists that religious cleavage has followed the same pattern of decline as for the class cleavage. As he sees, one possible exception to the rule of declining social cleavages involves race and ethnicity. Nevertheless, even today, social, religious and ethic identities of citizens still have explanatory power in examination of voting behavior (Nieuwbeerta, 1998; Knutsen Scarbrough, 1995). The question on the relation between a countries social cleavage structure and political outcomes has become of extra relevance in Eastern European nations after the collapse of totalitarian regimes. Since the velvet revolutions in 1989 the political party structure in these nations had to be build almost from scratch, the question rises, according to Nieuwbeerta(1998), whether these new political systems developed in a way similar to how it is organized in Western nations. Therefore, to what extent are party systems in Eastern European nations based on major socio-economic cleavages in these nations? At first it is seems like that most newly founded parties in Eastern Europe represent such cleavages. For example in Romania and Hungary Social-Democratic and Liberal parties were created, as well as religious and nationalist parties. The concept of a political cleavage, however, is not universally regarded as useful by political observers of the post-communist world (White et al. 1997, Elster et al. 1998). Indeed, in a highly influential and controversial account published soon after the collapse of communist power, Fukuyama (1992) interpreted the event as an indicator of the end of ideological division across all modern societies, East European ones included. The collapse of communism could be seen as demonstrating either broad support for liberalism or, if we want to put the argument negatively, the absence of any alternative method of organizing modern society. From this perspective, although transition in the region would certainly have its winners and losers, the end of ideological competition meant that the political cleavages that had divided populations across industrial societies, most famously characterized by Lipset Rokkan (1967), were anachronistic. Differences among politicians and choices among vot ers would in this context be based on who could best do the job of delivering on liberal, market, and democratic policies(Whitefield 2002). But whether cleavages were envisaged or not, scholarly interest in the cleavage structures (or lack thereof) in post-communist states was often strongly grounded in pessimistic assessments of their putative effects on party competition and on the stability of these new democracies (Cirtautas 1994, Comisso 1997, Elster et al. 1998). According to these ideas, there are at least two important questions that should be answered. First, although the general shape of the cleavage structures of post-communism is better understood, the mechanisms for their formation are unclear or disputed. Most explanations of cleavages in more established democracies emphasize the importance of prior social organization in providing sources of interest and political allegiance among the public that allow coordination of voters and parties in structured and relatively stable ways (Sartori 1969, Przeworski 1985). Such prior social organization, however, was largely absent across Eastern Europe. Second, in order to speak with full confidence about the existence of cleavages, it is necessary to see stability and persistence in social and ideological divisions, but naturally these conditions are only weakly established empirically. There are also differing theoretical expectations about the stability of the social and ideological divisions in politics. Considerable volatility is evident in support for particular parties, and political parties themselves have often been short-lived, offering voters little opportunity to reward or punish them. But is this volatility of supply and demand for parties a sign of instability in the cleavage structure? For many countries, there is limited evidence available to test these possibilities because follow-up studies that might allow over-time comparisons have not yet taken place; however, it should be noted that where such evidence is available, it points to more stability than change in the structure of underlying social and ideological di visions, which strengthens claims about the existence of cleavages in the region and especially in Romania and Hungary. 2. The cleavage hypothesis If we want to understand the idea and the formation of cleavages, we should first find appropriate explanation. Party nationalisation might be explained as a consequence of the territorial structure of social or socio-economic divides (Lipset Rokkan, 1967). Caramani (2004, p. 15) addresses the centre-periphery and the urban-rural cleavage as territorial divides, connected to low levels of nationalisation. In contrast, functional cleavages, such as the economic cleavage in Western Europe, do not have a territorial character, so that parties organising along such cleavages are highly nationalised (cf. Caramani, 2004; Cox, 1999, p. 159). The explanation of party system structures by cleavages has been criticised though, because cleavages do not convert into parties as a matter of course, but this is produced by the political system itself (Zielinski, 2002, p. 187). Looking at Central and Eastern Europe, only a few scholars are looking for similarities of political divisions with social cleavages in Western democracies (Kitschelt et al., 1999). The view overwhelms that cleavages, especially if they are narrowly defined, are of limited relevance in the region (Elster et al., 1998, pp. 247-270). However, one social divide appears to be an exception to the rule: The ethnic divide is salient in Central and Eastern Europe (Evans Need, 2002) and helps many parties to mobilise their voters (Elster et al., 1998, p. 252). Ethnic minorities exist in almost all countries, and they vote in large numbers for their own parties. Furthermore, issues related to ethnicity help as well nationalist parties of the titular nation to mobilise their voters. The investigation of ethnic divides in order to explain party nationalisation degrees may yield promising results, as many of the ethnic minorities in Central and Eastern European countries are territorially settled. If such ethnic divides become manifest in party politics, then the ethnic structure of a country will explain why the electoral strength of political parties varies across regions. If we take into account the cases with Romania and Hungary, the best example could be inter-war Transylvania- the large ethnic Hungarian and German minorities constituted approximately 40% of the population, and all of the minorities were either Catholic or Protestant. If we add to this figure the number of Romanians that belonged to the Greek Catholic Church, then approximately 70% of Transylvanias population belonged to a Western Christian denomination prior to the communist takeover. These figures are important because, as Kitschelt argues, these pre-communist legacies influenced the communist reform process. In the case of Transylvania and Galicia these cultural and religious differences had a marked impact on the regions during the communist period. Nevertheless, Transylvania has traditionally been perceived, even during the communist period, as ethnically, culturally and politically different from the rest of the country. Therefore in order to assimilate Transylvania, nationali sm was an important ideological component of Romanian communism, particularly under Ceausescu. He promoted a form of national populism characterised by pseudo-egalitarianism and the non-recognition of any kind of diversity'(Whitefield 2002). However, the existence of diversity across post-communist states in the content of political competition is not evidence for diversity in cleavage structures. Support for political parties may vary as a result of many factors, discussed below, that are not connected to cleavages. And even if partisanship appears to be rooted in ideological and social differentiation, this may not result from social and ideological divisions in the population but rather from party strategies(Whitefield 2002). According to the empirical investigation, that Whitefield and Evans had done, there is a relationship among social and ideological differences and partisanship that would be expected if political cleavages were present. Naturally, although economic differentiation was common to all countries (if not always to the same degree), not all social identities and differentiated social experiences were equally present in all states; in particular, the religious and ethnic composition of countries in the region varies markedly. As a consequence, we found that the connection of social division to ideological division also varies; religiosity appears to matter much more to social liberalism in Catholic than in Orthodox states; and issues of ethnic rights are more firmly socially rooted where minorities exist and where the sense of social difference between ethnic groups is more strongly felt. This variation in the nature of social and ideological division is important because it appears to rela te to the nature of divisions that emerge in support for political parties(Whitefield 2002). TABLE 1: Political cleavages in post-Communist Eastern Europe (Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary): social and ideological divisions to partisanship Social bases Ideological bases Romania 1. Age, region (Bucharest), education 2. Ethnicity (Hungarians) economic liberalism, pro/anti-West 3. Region (Transylvania) 1. Social political liberalism, economic liberalism, pro/anti West 2. Ethnic liberalism 3. Pro-West, Jews Bulgaria 1. Ethnicity(Turkish) 2. Age, Class( professionals vs. workers) 3. Religiosity 1. Economic liberalism, pro/anti-West 2. Ethnic liberalism 3. Nationalism, Gypsies Hungary 1. Age 2. Religiosity 3. Class (urban-rural), education/class, settlement size, denomination(Protestant) 1. Economic liberalism, pro/anti-West 2. Social political liberalism, Jews 3. Social political liberalism, nationalism 3. Politics between economy and culture- the case of Hungary In order to continue to analyze the formation of cleavages in Eastern European states, I will try to give example with Hungary. Before that, I would like to point out some of the most important theories of Stein Rokkan linked with the work of S. M. Lipset. As a consequence of the early death of S. Rokkan, his work, in spite its richness and extension, can not be regarded as finished. Here are the basic ideas: 1. Territory as a key concept of politics in a cross pressure between culture and economy, implying: the equal weight given to economic, political-territorial and cultural dimensions; the interaction between geographical spaces and socio-cultural membership spaces, between center formation and boundary building; the conceptual map of Europe with an West-East axis differentiating between economic conditions for state-building and a South-North axis between cultural conditions for nation-building. 2. The identification of four cleavages following the critical junctures of: the national revolution creating the center-periphery and the church-state cleavages; the industrial revolution creating the urban-rural and the labour-capital cleavages. 3. The cyclical movement of cleavages: towards a national-international divide. It is often forgotten that Rokkan does not end his cleavage sequence with the worker-owner conflict of the industrial revolution, but points to an intriguing cyclical movement: breakdown of a supranational order (Roman Empire) establishment of culturally and politically distinctive nation states conflict over national versus international loyalties. (Lipset-Rokkan 47-48) Although the last formulation relates to the communist cleavage within the labour movement (not relevant any more), but in his latest works he points to the centrality of a reformulated version of a center-periphery divide: that between homogenizing supranational standardization and cultural distinctiveness, roots, national identity. ( Rokkan- Urwin, Flora 1983: 434). 4. The different political impacts of a gradual, organic sequence of cleavages ( in most of North Western Europe) versus the cumulation of state and nation-building cleavages together with the rapidity of enfranchisement and sudden modernization. The second alternative especially in the case of the discontinuity of or threats to national independence implies difficulties in transition to mass democracy. (Hungary is directly mentioned by Rokkan in this latter context.) Territorial-cultural conflicts do not just find political expression in secessionist and irredentist movements, however, they feed into the overall cleavage structure and help to condition the development not only of each party organization but even more of the entire system of party oppositions and interests (Lipset-Rokkan 41). 5. The historical long term continuity of collective political identities coalitions and oppositions on the level of alternatives, of parties and of the support market to be mobilized. Parties do not simply present themselves de novo to the citizens at each election; they each have a history and so have the constellations of alternatives they present to the electorate. (Lipset-Rokkan). Emerging cleavages affect, however, former alliances and restructure the party system. Rokkan points also to the existence of a certain lee-way for parties to translate social cleavages. 6. The freezing of party alternatives with the final extension of suffrage (mostly in the twenties), implying the inclusion of the lower classes. In contrast to an expanding support market with a creative phase of parties (Cotta 102) accompanied by a mobilization along cultural and territorial cleavages, the mobilization on the basis of purely economic cleavages comes only afterwards (Rokkan 1980: 118). The stage of mass democracy brings about an ever more closed electoral market with a mobilization controlled by the already existing parties. 7. The special role of social democratic parties on the left side of the labour-capital cleavage. Due to their strength and domesticability, their ability to maintain unity in the face of the man forces making for division and fragmentation (Lipset-Rokkan: 46), social democratic parties and the class cleavage in itself played a stabilizing and homogenizing, cohesive influence in most West European party systems. In countries with a troubled history of nation-building, marked cultural cleavages reduced their potentials. But the very logic of pluralism in democratic capitalism helped their entry into national politics. These parties, having joined the nation contributed to the neutralization of the radicalizing effects of sudden industrialization. (Lipset-Rokkan: 46, 48, 50). 8. The radical rightist anti-system cleavage. The rising networks of new elites, such as the leaders of the new large bureaucracies of industry and government, those who control the various sectors of the communication industry, the heads of mass organizations, the leaders of once weak or low-status groups, and the like constitute the focus of protest of fascist-type parties, which: are nationalistic, they venerate the nation and its culture; are anti-democratic; want to unite their supporters as one single pillar lead by deeply felt convictions about the destiny and the mission of the nation. These xenophobic and racist parties may mobilize segments of the middle and lower classes. As to their emergence and chances of success, contrasts in the continuity and regularity of nation-building certainly played a role (Lipset-Rokkan 23, 24, 25). After we pointed out some of the most important ideas from the Lipset and Rokkan concept, now I will try to form several important assumptions: The evolution of the Hungarian party system confirms the classical sequence of European cleavage formation with the initial and decisive emergence of identity-based territorial and cultural divides followed later by the appearance of economic cleavages. Hungarian party competition seems to reflect and even to anticipate new developments of Western party systems. There are real historical alternatives expressing different conceptions of modernization, of nationhood and of geopolitical location represented by the parties. For Rokkan and Lipset, party alternatives and the party system itself freeze. In Hungary and in some other Eastern European countries, intervals, parties and party structure are unstable and fluid. But the alternatives contained in the cleavage structure are amazingly stable: not the party system, but the cleavage structure is frozen. In the formation process of the parties (1988-89), in the subsequent three elections from 1990 to 1998, the same cleavage sets have mattered and structured party competition, namely: the three cleavage families of Westernization vs. traditionalism, post-communism vs. anti-post-communism and pro-market commodification (winners) vs. welfare statist decommodification (losers). This special freezing of alternatives and cleavages has, however, taken place in the context of a very much open and available electoral market . This deviance from the Rokkan-Lipset freezing pattern is the unavoidable consequence of the long discontinuity of the party system, the lack of traditions of mass democracy and the unstable interest structure of civil society. Due to the strong economic, social and political positions of the post-communist elites and surviving value orientations in the electorate, the definition of the rules of the game as a systemic issue (Offe 1991, Mair 1997) is expressed by the salience of a post-communism anti-post-communism cleavage family. It cannot be deducted from the Rokkan-Lipset scheme, and by its very nature, cannot become a long-enduring historical divide, but can be supposed to fade away. The taming of capitalism, the political regulation of the market with a political mobilization along a commodification decommodification axis is a crucial point of democratic consolidation and legitimacy. Following from the freezing of the Hungarian political cleavage structure in the phase of the dominance of the cultural-territorial and post-communist cleavage families, the increasing importance of this socio-economic divide is coupled with its absorption by or inclusion into the other two cleavage families. The post-1989 evolution of the Hungarian party system has brought about no political mobilization along the line of a classical labour-capital class cleavage. Finally, we should now indicate the main cleavages formed in Hungary, according to Mair: 1. The family of territorial and cultural cleavages Traditionalist forces stress historical continuity, Hungarian nationhood, favour community ove society, are for strong authority, strong church. Their value orientations are more particularist than universalist, they have an inclination to love the rural, even if they are urban Westernizers are outward-looking, for catch-up modernization, they favour individualism, multicultural diversity, they stress secularism and human rights. 2. The family of post-communist cleavages This set of cleavages has several dimensions an ideological dimension of anticommunism which can be based either on particularist national, religious identities or on the universalism of individual human rights and rationality; a political dimension expressed in the relationship to the Socialist Party looked upon as the successor party; a power dimension of competing elites and of the re-definition of the rules of the game outside and inside politics; a structural dimension reflecting the symbiotic dualism of the present society with a secto rooted in late communism and a sector of emerging capitalism iv; an emotional and biographical dimension with a population split into two halves: one half who feel they lived better in the last years of real socialism and another half thinking differently. 3. The family of socio-economic cleavages With economic transformation progressing and with an overwhelmingly materialist electorate this set of cleavages has become central in the society, but the early freezing of the party system structured along the above mentioned two cleavage sets is still complicating the clear translation of this divide into programmatic and public policy alternatives. 4. Old Theories vs. New Parties: Romania Post-communist party system Surprisingly, post-communist cleavages in Romania have been the spotlight of relatively little attention. Indeed, as Crowther writes: If skeptics are correct, Romania should stand out as a strong case for the inapplicability of social cleavage analyses. Because of the peculiarities of its pre-communist and communist past, Romania is often taken as an archetypical example of the post-communist countries dearth of civil society. Or, in other words, it is almost impossible to test the theory of Stein Rokkan or S.M. Lipset, without necessary sharing Crowthers point of view on the inapplicability of social cleavage analyses. Most recent works on the concept à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾post-communist cleavages commence with a few comments on Lipsets and Rokkans cleavage theory applied to the case of Central Europe. One of the most respectful professors from Bulgaria- Georgi Karasimeonov indicates that Lipsets and Rokkans cleavage theory was formulated on the special conditions and terms of a particular European western model. Karasimeonov contributions to the debate can be interpreted in the tradition of the analysis of the electoral behavior and party formation in transnational societies revealing at least four types of cleavages: residual (historical), transitional, actual and potential8. De Waele, seeks to clarify and categorize the relationship between the original theory of cleavages as it is applied to Western model and the post-communist experience undertaking his project with the view of three cleavages: 1. The first set of objective considerations influencing the emergence of the post-communist party system concerns the economic cleavage. De Waelle argues that the socio-economic cleavage (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾maximalist vs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾minimalist) comes from the communist regimes successful orientation towards destruction of the capitalist economy. De Waele himself flags up this problem with his own definition: the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾maximalist is used to describe the adherents of a fast transition. In theory, the claim that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾minimalist perspective is likely to have a socioeconomic basis has been highly dependent upon overall record of mixed progress with uneven and slow reform implementation. On the contrary, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾maximalists represented the turning point for the post-communism. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The maximalists launched new reform programs, a macroeconomic plan stabilization and structural reforms, an ambitious shock therapy for the Romanian economy, including the liberalization of prices and the foreign exchange market as well as the accelerati on of the privatization. 2. The second cleavage, the so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾authoritariandemocratic divide, refers to the inability of a significant part of the society to renounce in discursive terms the communist legacy (although, in Romania this did not necessarily translate into a rejection of all kind of authoritarian attitudes). In many recent studies on authoritarian attitudes in postcommunist Romania, researchers have pointed the electoral success of Vadim Tudor in 2000, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾as a distinctly unpleasant surprise for many in the West. The case in point was the increase of supporters of a latent antipluralist attitude towards the European values arena. 3. The third cleavage line is between the communists and the anticommunists. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾old attitude, a so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾pre-communist behavior was usually reactivated after the emergence of the new parties. Given the discontinuity of the transition, à gh concludes that the confrontation between the two groups led to the formation of a multi-party and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾first generation parties. He also witnessed the fact that the new parties were formed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾as second generation parties, and the third category, the so-called small à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾third generation appeared much later. In a similar way, Gill argues that it is difficult to establish the real significance of the cleavage between the two types. He also indicates there have been at least three referential ways to see post-communism: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾post-communism as a system, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾post-communism as a condition, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾post-communism as a situation. After this analysis of the main three cleavages that the Romanian post-communist system has experienced, it is almost impossible at this point to raise the discussion of a consolidated democracy. With politics in Romania still changing, the outlines of the three families of cleavages advanced in this article constitute a significant obstacle towards consolidation. 5. Conclusion Finally I would like to go back to some of the main points I have presented: The evolution of the Eastern European party system confirms the classical sequence of European cleavage formation with the initial and decisive emergence of identity-based territorial and cultural divides, with their dominance over socio-economic divides followed later by the appearance of economic cleavages. The salient manifestation of the cumulation of cultural and territorial cleavages in the part system corresponds clearly with the cyclical movement in the framework of the Rokkanian scheme demonstrating how globally the centrality of a national-supranational divide. The example with Hungarian party competition seems to reflect and even to anticipate new developments of Western party systems. There are real historical alternatives expressing different conceptions of modernisation, of nationhood and of geopolitical location represented by the parties. These alternatives are olde than the most of the Eastern European electorate, but they deviate from the mainstream in Western Europe. In the formation process of the parties (1988-89), in the subsequent three elections from 1990 to 1998, the same cleavage sets have mattered and structured party competition, namely: the three cleavage families of Westernization vs. traditionalism, post-communism vs. anti-post-communism and marketization, commodification (winners) vs. welfare statism. This special freezing of alternatives and cleavages has, however, taken place in the context of a very much open and available electoral market . This deviance from the Rokkan-Lipset freezing pattern is the unavoidable consequence of the long discontinuity of the party system, the lack of traditions of mass democracy and the unstable interest structure of civil society. The post-1989 evolution of the Hungarian and Romania party system has brought about no political mobilisation along the line of a classical labour-capital class cleavage. Instead, I have observed the following attempts for bringing the welfare statist decommodification cleavage in: coupling it with the post-communist cleavage, coupling it with the defence of national identity, coupling it with the religious cleavage, coupling (its radical variant) with an aggressive and racist social nationalism. After all, I still believe that formation of cleavages in East Europe, according to the thesis of Lipset and Rokkan, is almost impossible to apply to these countries. However, the cases which I in detail discussed (Hungary and Romania), are the best example for the existing of cleavages in Eastern European states. Therefore, indicates that even the model of Lipset-Rokkan was more applicable for Western European countries, especially because of different economical and political development, the existing of cleavages in East Europe was possible even before 1989, and the model is still useful nowadays.

Nursing Final

Its a beta blocker. – Chapter 18- Peripheral Vascular Disorders -Hypertension- BP 140/90. -Hypertensive Crisis- 180/120 -DASH diet- 2,000 calories. 7-8 grains, fewer than 2 servings of protein Review pages 430- 438 Chapter 29- Urinary System – Urinary Tract Infection- #1 Nonsocial infection Most common location is the bladder (cystitis) Most common upper OUT is kidney and renal pelvis (polytheists) Most common bacteria to cause OUT is e-coli Difference between Cystitis and PolytheistsCystitis- Disarray, urgency, nocturne, Papyri, Hematite Polytheists- Same as above plus flank pain, N-V-D, fever, malaise- Urinary Calculi. Stones made from Ca. Dull, aching to severe flank pain. Nausea, vomiting. Gross hematite. – Lithography- crushing stones through sound waves – Acute Renal Failure. -Rapid onset. Reversible.Most common cause is sashimi (poor perfusion to the kidney) Most common symptom is Algeria (urine output less than 400 muddy) High BUN and creating leve ls Page 2 Occurs in 3 stages: initiation (up to days), maintenance phase (up to 2 weeks) and this is here all the problems occur, and the recovery phase (up to 1 – Globetrotting's Leading cause of kidney disease and failure Caused by strep (a beta-hemolytic strep) Surrounded by bowman's capsule Sex: hematite, proteins, hypoglycemia, azotes (increase Nitrogen) Lasts 10-14 days Nephritis- nephritis is any degenerative disease of the renal tubules.Nephritis can be caused by kidney disease, or it may be secondary to another disorder. It should not be confused with nephritis, where inflammation is implied. – Nephritic Syndrome Same as above but there is a significant loss of protein lost in urine Found in lupus ND those with kidney disorders Sex: proteins, low albumin, high lipids, and severe edema in face and periodontal area. Blood clots are common. – Urine Dipstick PH 6-6. 5 specific gravity 1. 010-1. 025 Everything else is negative in a healthy patient Potassium Normal 3. -5. 2 – Sodium Normal 135-145 Drugs that lower sodium levels are diuretics, (pep-/ Noreen), decongestants and antithetic medications IV solutions that increase sodium are Nasal Chapter 31- Male Reproductive – Tetrahedral resection of the prostate (TURN) – is a surgical procedure that removes portions of the prostate gland through the TURN requires no external incision. Pen's. A Inserted through the penis and the wire loop is guided by the surgeon so it can remove carried by fluid the obstructing tissue one piece at a time.The pieces of tissue are into the bladder and flushed out at the end of the procedure. TURN is generally done to relieve symptoms due to prostate enlargement, often due to quite enlarged Problems with dribbling. BP. BP is a condition in which the prostate gland may become and cause problems with urination. Symptoms may include getting a urine stream started . Nocturne, urgency, Monitor tort hemorrhage tort the TLS 2 Chapter 32- Female Reproductive Meteorological Bleeding between periods Sign of cervical or uterine cancer Dilation and Curettage (D ;C) Page 3 – Cervical canal is scraped 48 hours.Monitor for circulation. Avoid pillow under legs. Avoid tampons for 2 weeks. – Vaginas Fungal (candidates) Protozoan (trice. ) bacteria (grandparent) Chapter 34/35- Endocrine System Biofeedback Mechanisms (3 below) 1) glucose maintenance- interplay between insulin and clangor, pancreatic hormones that release glucose and store glucose, respectively 2) body temperature maintenance -hypothalamus, nerves, skin, sweat glands, earth(beats faster if warm), kidneys -if your temp. Increases due to exercise/warm weather/illness: sweating occurs to produce evaporation which leads to cooling -if your temp. Decreases due to cold weather/being scared/illness: â€Å"goose bumps† (obliteration) occurs, which are thought to be derived from a response that enable the hair to stand on end causing more insulation and hea t 3) fluid maintenance- -kidneys regulate how much fluid is excreted. If you are dehydrated they will produce less urine. If you drink a lot of fluid quickly, then more urine will be excreted – Thyroid sits on either side of tracheaIsthmus connects two lobes Needs iodine to secrete to (thyroxin) and to (trinitrotoluene) that increases metabolism Also secretes calculation that decreases excess calcium levels in the blood – Hyperthyroidism Too much thyroid hormone AS: Increased appetite, yet loses weight. If left untreated, will cause cardiac dysphasia and heart failure Develops into 2 disorders: Graves disease and thyroid crisis Graves disease (goiters ; expostulates- protruding eyes) Expostulates- protruding eyes Thyroid storm- High fever (;102), tachycardia, hypertension, restlessness, seizures, delirium- Tracheotomy-Will be on lifelong replacement hormones Thyroid state (balanced hormonal state before surgery) Nursing precautions: hemorrhage, respiratory distress, la ryngeal nerve damage, tenant, thyroid storm Maxed- form of hypothyroidism Brought on by exposure to cold, infix, temp, trauma, narcotics ; tranquilizer More frequent in women AS: seizures, lethargy to coma, hypothermia. Respiratory and cardiovascular systems shut down. TX: airway, Cardiac function, increasing Temperature and HTH levels by getting labyrinthine by IV. Page 4 – Cushing Syndrome Adrenal cortex produces too much cortical (hormone) or ACTAAS: fat deposits in abdomen, clavicle, buffalo hump, round moon face, hirsute (excessive facial hair) DXL: Increase cortical level and elevate 24 hour urine test with 17- sisterhoods and 17- horticulturalists. Low potassium, Sodium and glucose levels are also higher. Meds: lessoned and acetated are commonly used. Addison Disease Adrenal insufficiency AS: decrease glorifications, mineralogist's, and androgen's TX: IV fluids, glucose, An, sociolinguistics, warm and quiet environment DXL: Decreased levels of cortical, decreased 24 ho ur urine test with 17- sisterhoods, Potassium is increased, glucose and sodium are decreased.Phosphorescently benign tumor of adrenal medulla Produces excessive amounts of epinephrine and morphogenesis Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system AS: BP 200-300/150 +, pounding HA, profuse sweating, tachycardia, flushing, DXL: increased catecholamine levels in the blood or urine, CT scan. Tracheotomy Nursing care: stabilize BP – Tracheotomy Removal of adrenal gland High risk of Addison crisis or adrenal crisis. – Addison Crisis hypertension, rapid weak pulse, extreme weakness, confusion, circulating collapse and shock.Dangerously low K+ levels. – Diabetes Insipid Results from lack of DAD hormone Two types: energetic (damage to pituitary) and nephritic (Kidneys) Risk for hyperthermia Sex: Polynesia, popularly (5-15 ml. ‘day) urine specific gravity of less than 1. 005, mucous pale urine, weakens, dehydration, tachycardia, poor skin author, dry membranes Nursing Care: managing fluid and electrolytes, replacing DAD. Monitor daily weight. Meds: Visionaries (monitor for h/a and abdominal cramps).Ethicize diuretics sodium Chapter 36- Diabetes – Normal blood glucose is 70-100. Diagnosing Diabetes plasma glucose level (>200) oral glucose tolerance test (2 hour test, >200) sting blood glucose (8 hour test, > 126) Peripheral Vascular Disease Greater in Type 2 Atherosclerosis of lower legs Page 5 Leads to gangrene. (Most common cause of amputations) AS: hair loss, atrophic skin, cool feet, red- white legs, thick toenails, pain with walking a pulses. ND at rest (usually at night), diminished or absent peripheral – Type 1 Diabetes Destruction of beta cells leads to state of absolute insulin deficiency Usually occurs in childhood Prone to developing acidosis's Insulin dependent Sex: Popularly, Polynesia, polyphonic, weight loss, fatigue, malaise, blurred vision – Type 2 Diabetes Sufficient insulin to prevent acidosis's, but to lowe r blood glucose Usually occurs after 30 Most clients are obese Insulin requiring but not dependent Sex: Popularly, Polynesia, obesity, recurrent infix, fatigue, blurred vision, parenthesis (numbness and tingling around mouth and hands and feet. – DAD 1800 clone Diet Diabetic Acidosis Occurs in Type 1 diabetes Sex: hyperglycemia, dehydration, coma, BBS > 250, stentorian. Metabolic Acidosis's= fruity, alcohol breath Common in those who are undiagnosed. TX: fluids, insulin, correction of electrolytes. Unconsciousness patients need 0. 9% normal saline to replace sodium. Start with 0. 9, then 0. 45%. Dextrose is added to prevent hypoglycemia. Exercise Reduces blood glucose by increase glucose use by the muscles. Eat snack before exercising. Avoid exercising if fasting is ; 250. -Only regular insulin may be given b y the IV route.HAS (Hyperbolas Hyperglycemia State) Occurs in Type 2 Characterized by severely high glucose ( or ;), extreme dehydration, and alter LOC, grand mall seizu res. -Differences between DAKAR and HAS Type 1 Lethargy H HAS Type 2 Coma Samuels breaths Rapid, shallow breathing Glucose ;250 Glucose ; 600 *Samuels breathing – rapid, deep respiration to prevent decrease in PH. Smoggy Effect Morning rise in glucose after a nighttime hypoglycemia. Sex: tenors, night sweats, and restlessness. TX: Eat bedtime snack Dawn phenomenon Rise in glucose between 4 am and 8 am.TX: increase insulin dose or changing injection time from dinnertime to bedtime Page Hyperglycemia Sex: Increased thirst and frequency Diet: low carbohydrates and sugar, sufficient hydration, and frequent small meals. – Hypoglycemia Sex: carry an emergency snack high in carbohydrates to help raise low blood sugar. People who have experienced hypoglycemia in the past should eat meals at regular intervals, avoid excessive alcohol and never drink alcohol on an empty stomach. Chapter 37- Nervous system – Cardiovascular Accident- Brain attack or stroke Thrombosis C.V.- Caused by atherosclerosis of arteries.Happens during or after sleep. Embolism C.V.- caused by problems with the heart Hemorrhagic C.V.- caused by hypertension Right Side vs. Left side Effects left side Effects right side Visual Unaware Impulsive Heat stroke Speech (Left-Language) Away re Slow, cautious heat cramps, heat syncope (fainting), and heat exhaustion . Nausea, seizures, confusion, disorientation, and sometimes loss of consciousness. Remove any extra clothes. – Frost bite Don't put direct heat on it. Wrap in blankets or move to a warmer environment.Chapter 38- Interracial Disorders – Closed head injuries Coup-contractor- Jerking forward-jerking back – Concussion brain injury resulting trot violent snaking or impact – Contusion bleeding into soft tissue resulting from blunt force Epidural Hematite severe blow to brain causing arterial bleeding between skull and durra mater. – Suburbia Hematite injury between durra mater and subtractions laye r – Antibacterial Hematite Bleeding into brain caused by gunshot wound or depressed skull fracture- Simple arterial seizure- Jerking of finger, hand, foot, leg and face.Called Jackson March. – Sex: flashing lights, tingling sensations, or hallucinations. – Complex Partial Seizures Sex: lip smacking, aimless walking, picking up clothing – Absence seizures- In children. Blank stare. Lasts 5-10 seconds. May be unaware. – Tonic-clinic seizures- Adults and children. From trauma. Stages: aura, tonic phase, clinic phase, postnatal phase Up to 30 miss Page 7 Chapter 39- Neurological and Spinal Multiple Sclerosis degenerative disease that damages myelin sheath surrounding axons. Marked by periods of exacerbation and remissionEffects Women between 20-50 Myelin sheath is the white matter in the CONS Put is prone to IT'S, pressure ulcers, Joint conjunctures, pneumonia, depression DXL: SF (cerebration's fluid analysis). Look for Gig. , MR. and CT scan. – Parkinson Disease Results from a lack of dopamine 3 cardiac signs: tremor, rigidity, braininess. Pill-rolling. Leopard- Used to treat shaking, stiffness, and slow movement Interscholastic- Med for Parkinson Sex: dry mouth, orthodontic hypertension, constipation, urinary hesitation, pupil dilation, blurred vision, dry eyes, photosensitive, increased heart rate.Anesthesia Gravies Marked by periods of exacerbation and remission Sex: eyelid photos (drooping eye), diploma (double vision), slurred speech, nasal voice, difficulty chewing or swallowing Face appears to have a snarl or grimace Risk for aspiration and respiratory insufficiency – Choleric Crisis caused by taking meds too early. Sex: Severe muscle weakness, NV, increased salivation, sweating, brickyard. – Anesthetic crisis Caused by taking meds late Sex: muscle weakness, inability to speak/swallow, respiratory distress, anxiety – Terminal Neuralgia Causes pain along both sides of face.Sex: periodic, severe pain in cheeks, forehead, lips. Triggered by wind, chewing, shaving. Rhizome- surgical severing of a nerve root to control pain. – Autonomic Dyslexia Effects TO and above. Stimulated by full bladder or fecal impaction. TX: Elevate HOB 45 degrees. Check for kinks in catheter. – CLC-CA injury puts a person on a ventilator. MONOCOTYLEDON a protrusion of impinges and spinal cord through a defect in the spinal column Chapter 40- Eye Disorders – Cataracts Red-reflex (reddish-orange glow in pupil when light hits it) disappears. Intraocular lens is implanted to focus light and restore vision.Snell Chart Eye chart. Madrigals- med that causes dilation of pupil Page 8 Chapter 43- Musculoskeletal Trauma Mast Suit Used for carcinogenic & hypoglycemic shock in abdominal, pelvic and lower extremity Internal (Proportional) trauma – Know: Diabetes, insulin – peak time & preparing, when to administer, Insulin Comparison Chart: Insulin Type Onset Peaks at Ends Workin g in Low Occurs at Humanly- (Rapid) 15-20 miss 30-90 miss 3-4 hours 2-4 her Novel- (Rapid) 15-20 miss 40-50 miss 3-4 hours 2-4 her Regular (short)30-60 miss 80-120 miss 4-6 hours 3-7 her NAP (intermediate 2-4 hours 6-10 hours 14-16 hours 6-12 herLandaus (Long) 2-3 hours almost no peak 18-26 hours 4-24 her Oxalate: This medication is used to treat a high level of potassium in your blood. Too much potassium in your blood can sometimes cause heart rhythm problems. Sodium polystyrene sultanate works by helping your body get rid of extra potassium. Corticosteroids- from the adrenal cortex . Used to treat purists (itching) and psoriasis, bone cancer, chronic interpolator diseases such as Arthur s Sociolinguistics (creditors) raises blood glucose levels. Mineralogical (lodestone) maintains normal salt and water balance through kidneys.

Steroids and Their Affects on the Human Body Essay

Steroids and Their Affects On The Human Body Drugs have been used in sports almost as long as sports themselves have been around. The ancient Incas discovered that the ashes from burned leaves of the Coca tree gave the people great stores of energy, and made sleep unnecessary for hours or even days, it was later discovered to be the stimulant cocaine. They would take it before long hunts, battles, and even found it useful in ancient sport competitions. It wasnt until 1886 that the first drug-related death in sports occurred. A bicyclist took a mixture of cocaine and heroine, called the speedball, and died from it. Little were the doctors aware the epidemic that would follow in the next century. Anabolic steroids, developed in†¦show more content†¦The steroids taken by athletes contain testosterone or chemicals that act in similar way to testosterone. Testosterone is found in men and women, but in women it is present in much smaller amounts, mainly because it is produced in the testicles in men. More than one hundred and twenty steroids are based on the hormone testosterone. There are many brand names, such as Durabolin, Winstrol, Pregnyl, and Anavar. Basically anabolic steroids control the bodily functions that are normally under control of the bodies natural testosterone. As well as turning women into men and men into manly men it has a stimulative effect on skeletal muscle mass, some visceral organs, the hemoglobin concentration, and the red blood cell number and mass. Of course, most people take anabolic steroids illegally to stimulate growth in muscle cells. Once a person is born, he/she will not grow anymore muscle cells throughout their life. So when muscle mass increases it is the individual cells growing in girth to compensate for either an increase in work, or the release of androgen hormones(found in all anabolic steroids.) Exercise alone can stimulate the girth of muscle cells to increase by anywhere from thirty to sixty percent. The presence of androgen hormones allows for even greater growth. Anabolic steroids act like our natural androgen hormones in that they stimulate anabolic metabolism in theShow MoreRelated Steroids And Their Affects On The Human Body Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pages Steroids and Their Affects On The Human Body nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Drugs have been used in sports almost as long as sports themselves have been around. The ancient Incas discovered that the ashes from burned leaves of the Coca tree gave the people great stores of energy, and made sleep unnecessary for hours or even days, it was later discovered to be the stimulant cocaine. They would take it before long hunts, battles, and even found it useful in ancient sport competitions. It wasnt untilRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Are Known As Anabolic Androgenic Steroids940 Words   |  4 PagesAnabolic Steroids are known as anabolic-androgenic steroids. A drug that is structured to relate to the cyclic steroid ring system. Anabolic steroids can many similar effects to testosterone in the body. What anabolic steroids do is increase the protein in the cells. The increase in these cells most happens in the skeletal muscles. Anabolic steroids can also have Androgenic and virilizing properties, that includes the development and the maintenance of masculine characteristics. With that, exactlyRead MoreSteroids Should Not Be Banned1631 Words   |  7 Pagesfan’s face into the concrete This all happened because the football player was taking steroids. 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Botox, Steroids, etc all these are harsh substances that though they have their positive benefits, when they are consumed, negative effect is far worse than anything else. People desire to look their best, some go on diet, some exercise, while others use amplifiers or work out energizers. Substances known aiding effective work are protein shake and smoothies, but in order to get faster result some people take steroids. Athletes make news and sports headlines, be causeRead MorePsychology Of Bodybuilding And The Bodybuilding Industry Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesSylvester Stallone or Ronnie Coleman. As a competitor in the BodyBuilding industry, you try to think of different ways to stay motivated and use imagery to help you stay motivated. But what if you don’t like the way you look, are you going to turn to steroids or maybe you can’t lose the weight you want are you going to start starving yourself to get to that weight you want to be at? 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Analysis of good leaders in the modern market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1633 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The business environment in the 21st Century has become highly chaotic, multifaceted, challenging and also filled with fierce opportunities and threats; this has lead to a rough but paradoxical career change signal as stated by Ireland and Hitt (1999). The traditional role of an employee working hard and being loyal has now been replaced with a constant identity alteration coupled with a degree of continuous education and innovation. Hall (1996) argued that the variable career has become dominant as compared to the organisational career in the past This essay will highlight my career plans and answer questions such as the kind of leaders required in the 21st Century and the requisite qualities required to be successful in this fast paced business environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of good leaders in the modern market" essay for you Create order The essay is structured as follows: section one will focus on my ideal organisation, section two will highlight my key learning needs and section three will conclude the essay. My Career Plans I would like to work as a top executive in a multinational Bank located in a developing economy for the next eight years; a multinational company is an enterprise being controlled by a foreigner, an example of such a company I would like to work with is Barclays Bank which is the worlds largest Bank established in 1690. In the long term (after ten years from now) I would start my own financial company by partnership, nature it and grow it into an international company. Leaders required for the 21st century Organisations In order to be successful in the 21st Century in terms of career, a person must of necessity be a manager as well as a leader simultaneously. Management is about coping with complexity while leadership is about coping with change. The leader must have a critical creative thinking ability and an analytical problem solving capability. Companies must learn to find an unmet need in the market and determine the viability of business concepts by evaluating major risks through market research and analysis. A leader must be strategically flexible as researched by Hitt and DeMarie (1999) in creating diverse ideas and sharing company vision and values with all related parties as well as have a mastery of both the external and internal environment of the company; this will help to spot global profit opportunities speedily before competitors, evaluate them and select theÂÂ  best portfolio of profitable projects and initiatives for the organisational success A leader should recognize , define and solve problems that arise with both long and short term decisions. A good leader must also be a forward thinker, must be able to anticipate problems that are likely to arise after a particular action has been taken as well as solutions to such problems (alternate and backup solutions). The manager must be able to plan and identify the strengths and weaknesses of team members and focus on the strengths (Drucker, 2009 pp 17) while helping employees, this will motivate staff to contribute their best towards company objectives. What are the qualities needed to be successful in the 21st century Organisations A company can perform better by predicting and taking opportunities and challenges in the social, economic, technological and political world; it must develop a 360-degree personality to be able to solve complex problems in the business environment. (London Beatty, 2006) The future of a company is driven by external factors which are usually complex and need a lot of understanding, focus and planning, a company that understands and makes provision to take advantage of both internal and external opportunities is likely to succeed, grow and excel. An organisation must make good use of scarce resources in order to generate quality products so as to exhibit effectiveness and efficiency as a result of cost reduction leading to a competitive edge over others in the industry. Also, a company must create a culture of multi skilled teamwork and motivation which is a form of employee empowerment; making employees to think, behave, take action, control work and make decisions in autono mous ways (Flanagan Finger, 2009), this will automatically create an environment in which people are empowered, productive, and happy; an atmosphere where employees express love in contributing to organisational success. In addition, Companies should have excellent systems and relationships with customers, employees, suppliers and competitors, governments and the society at large. My Ideal Organisation In the future, I would like to first work with an organisation with a clear vision and purpose as stated by the CEO of British Petroleum John Browne in an interview with HBR in 1997 A business has to have a clear purpose, our purpose is who we are and what makes us distinctive this company must be a flat organisation where employees are valued, treated as assets, and share ideas freely with superiors, an organisation with a tradition of teamwork in addition to a safe secure working environment. The organisation must be flexible to change and constantly encourage and acknowledge innovation. Example of companies that had to go through such change to grow is General Electric, Toyota, IBM and Nike to mention but a few (Harvard Business Review 2009) . The organisation must have a culture of involving front line managers in decision making and also value relationships with customers, employees, suppliers, competitors etc. The company must be a strategic leader in the industry, the heart of strategy must be purpose as indicated by Harvard Business Review (2009) Strategic leadership is the ability to anticipate, envisage, uphold flexibility, think strategically and working with people to instigate changes that will lead to a viable organisational future. It should have a working environment that is difficult for competitors to understand or imitate. The result will be wealth creation for employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, government and the society at large (Rowe, 2001). My ideal Company is also the one that go beyond the idea of shareholder profit maximization and takes proactive steps towards managing stakeholder relationship. Post el al. (2002) contended that the ability of a firm to understand and manage the entire set of stakeholder relationships is the ultimate key for sustained wealth creation over time and in most cases the long term survival of the firm. Additionally, an organisation with extensive and solid corporate social responsibili ties will be my ideal place to work. The organisation should be able to give something back to the local community where it operates and also take steps to minimize the impact of it operational activities on the environment. For example, a research by Net Impact (2008) found that more than half of the 2,100 MBA students surveyed indicate they would accept lower pay in order to work for a socially responsible company. Thus it is fair to argue that organisations that address ethical, social, and environmental responsibilities would be a better place to work. Finally, my ideal organisation should exhibit high ethical standards, financial strength, attractive locations, progressive working environment, has Flexible working conditions, clear advancement path, competitive compensation and international career opportunities. What are my key learning needs? In order to achieve my career dreams, I should learn how to set goals, articulate my vision, choose the best people as employees, assign proper roles and responsibilities, understand working hours and contracts, identify training opportunities, create a safe working environment, Manage change, time and stress, Manage individual and company decisions and delegate responsibilities to qualified personnel. I must therefore acquire self management skills, project management skills, be technically inclined, be self confident, develop the ability to understand systems and processes; as well as being cross functional, flexible, persistent ,goal-oriented, reliable, trust worthy, having a level of international experience and update and develop my computer technology skills (Kirkpatrick and Locke, I991, Snow and Miles, 1996). Furthermore, I should develop conceptual, interpersonal and people skills which will help me understand the different personalities in teamwork and team building. I should be able to influence how people think and act and learn how to drive teammates towards high organisational achievements (Stone et al, 2004). I must learn to focus on behaviours and not personalities; study to take feedback as information rather than criticisms. Moreover I should be able to bring conflicts to the surface and resolve them among employees. Resolving conflicts among team members need certain leadership skills that will be acquired through continuous learning and reflection. I must develop good verbal and written communication skills; l must communicate in a clear concise manner so as to get results expected from other team mates. I should create a friendly atmosphere where people communicate quickly and freely. I therefore need to improve behaviours such as listening, creating, initiating, prioritising ,planning, organising, seeking information , suggesting procedures, clarifying ideas, elaborating, summarizing, compromising, recognizing the contributions o f others, involving employees in decision making and the ability to learn continuously and quickly. Conclusion In conclusion, an MBA is indispensible when we talk about successful management and leadership as it leads to personal development which aims at improving self awareness and knowledge, building talents and potential, teaching flexibility, creativity, self motivation, personal effectiveness, effective teamwork, interpersonal skills, developing analytical and people skills. The challenge to me is to learn, acquire, practicalise and build my strengths, while allowing others to complement my weaknesses in my career. I must also be able to identify challenges in the global business environment quickly and be able to take opportunities so as to make my dream a reality. Management in the 21st century will be focussed on managers with leadership qualities such as capability to learn continuously, ability to create team base divisions, capacity to drive human resource processes, skill of creating incentives to enhance growth, holistic budgeting and proactive control skills. Companies wil l only be sustained and developed by managers who are also leaders. As the saying goes Such a dream, act a dream, and make it real. I am determined to make my dream a reality and hence the first step of an MBA at the University of Southampton.